273 lines
8.6 KiB
HTML
273 lines
8.6 KiB
HTML
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<title>Formation Evolix : PostgreSQL</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Hakim El Hattab">
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<div class="slides">
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<section>
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<h1>Formation Evolix</h1>
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<h3>PostgreSQL</h3>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p>PostgreSQL est une base de données qui met l'accent sur le respect du standard SQL et la sécurité des données.
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Il se base notamment sur des journaux de transaction (WAL), fichiers binaires qui contient toutes les données
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avant écriture sur les disques.<p>
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<pre>
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<code># apt install postgresql</code>
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<code># vim sources.list</code>
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deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ jessie-pgdg main
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<h3>Instances :</h3>
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<code># pg_ctlcluster < version > < cluster > start|stop|restart|reload|status|promote</code>
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<code># pg_lsclusters</code>
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<code>
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Ver Cluster Port Status Owner Data directory Log file
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9.4 main 5432 online postgres /var/lib/postgresql/9.4/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-9.4-main.log
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</code>
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<code># dpkg-reconfigure locales</code>
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<code>$ /usr/bin/pg_createcluster < version > < cluster ></code>
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p>
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<i>Attention à la locales</i>
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<ul>
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<li><u>configuration :</u><br> <tt>`/etc/postgresql/< version >/< instance >/`</tt></li>
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<li><u>journaux :</u> <br> <tt>`/var/log/postgresql/postgresql-< version >-< instance >.log`</tt></li>
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<li><u>stockage :</u> <br> <tt>`/var/lib/postgresql/< version >/< instance >/`</tt></li>
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<li><u>binaires et bibliothèques :</u> <br> <tt>`/usr/lib/postgresql/< version >/< instance >/`</tt></li>
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<li>etc…</li>
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</p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<code># sudo -u postgres psql</code>
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<h3>Contenu de pg_hba.conf :</h3>
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~~~{.diff}
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- local all all peer
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+ local all all password
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~~~
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<code>$ createuser -P < login ></code>
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<code>$ createdb -O < login > < base ></code>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<code>$ dropdb < base ></code>
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<code>$ psql -c "ALTER USER < login > WITH PASSWORD 'foo'"</code>
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<code>$ dropuser < login ></code>
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=# SELECT * FROM pg_user;
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=# \du
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<code>$ psql -l</code>
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= # \d
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= # SELECT * FROM pg_database;
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<code>SELECT pid, datname, usename, client_addr, query_start, waiting, query FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE state='active' ORDER by query_start;</code>
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<code># aptitude install ptop pgbadger pgadmin3</code>
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<code>$ pg_top</code>
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<h3>Faire un VACUUM FULL sur toutes les bases de données :</h3>
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<code>$ vacuumdb -a -f -v</code>
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<h3>ANALYSE sur toutes les tables d'une base de données :</h3>
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<code>$ psql mydb</code>
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=# ANALYZE;
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<h3>Optimisation</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>shared_buffers : quantité de mémoire dédiée à PostgreSQL</li>
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<li>work_mem : quantité de mémoire par process</li>
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<li>max_connections</li>
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<h3>Sauvegarde</h3>
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<code>$ pg_dump < base > >dump.sql</code>
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<code>$ pg_dumpall >dump.sql</code>
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<code>$ psql < base > < dump.sql</code>
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<h3>Archivage de WAL :</h3>
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wal_level = 'archive'
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archive_command = 'rsync %p backup.example.net:/backup/…/archives/%f'
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</pre>
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<pre>+ barman</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<h3>Usage</h3>
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=> CREATE TABLE weather (
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city varchar(80),
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temp_lo int, -- low temperature
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temp_hi int, -- high temperature
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prcp real, -- precipitation
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date date
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);
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=> INSERT INTO weather VALUES ('San Francisco', 46, 50, 0.25, '1994-11-27');
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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=> SELECT * FROM weather;
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=> SELECT city, (temp_hi+temp_lo)/2 AS temp_avg, date FROM weather;
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=> SELECT * FROM weatherWHERE city = 'San Francisco' AND prcp > 0.0;
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=> SELECT DISTINCT city FROM weather ORDER BY city;
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=> SELECT * FROM weather, cities WHERE city = name;
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=> SELECT weather.city, weather.temp_lo, cities.location FROM weather, cities WHERE cities.name = weather.city;
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=> SELECT * FROM weather INNER JOIN cities ON (weather.city = cities.name);
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=> SELECT * FROM weather LEFT OUTER JOIN cities ON (weather.city = cities.name);
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=> SELECT * FROM weather w, cities c WHERE w.city = c.name;
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<h4>Pooler de connexions :</h4>
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<ul>
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<li>pgpool</li>
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<li>pgbouncer</li>
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</ul>
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<h4>Streaming Replication</h4>
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master / slave
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<h4>Slony : réplication des données par trigger</h4>
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<p>Ne réplique pas le schéma : toutes les bases à créer</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Avoir une clé primaire sur chaque table à répliquer <br>
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(peut être contourné dans certaines conditions, <br>
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mais fortement déconseillé par les dév. de Slony)</li>
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<li>Ne pas utiliser la commande SQL "TRUNCATE" (avant PG 8.4)</li>
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<code>SELECT * from pg_stat_replication;</code>
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre>
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<h4> Initialise le cluster Slony</h4>
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slonik_init_cluster | slonik
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<h4> Initialise le set de réplication (ensemble de tables à répliquer), notamment installation des triggers.</h4>
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slonik_create_set set1 | slonik
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<code># zcat /usr/share/doc/slony1-2-bin/examples/slon.conf-sample.gz >/etc/slony1/slon.conf</code>
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<code># /etc/init.d/slony1 start</code>
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<code>$ slonik_subscribe_set set1 node2 | slonik</code>
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Autres bases de données relationnelles</h4>
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<ul>
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<li>MySQL / MariaDB : base de données très populaires au sein des infrastructures web</li>
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<li>SQLite : faile à installer, idéal pour embarquer</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>Autres bases de données dites "NoSQL"</h4>
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<ul>
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<li>Memcached : base de données clés/valeurs volatile et très performante</li>
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<li>Redis : ressemble à Memcache, mais persistent et plus riche en fonctionnalités</li>
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<li>InfluxDB : base de données orientée "métriques"</li>
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<li>Elasticsearch : moteur distribuée d'indexation et de recherche</li>
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<li>Neo4j : base de données orientée "graph"</li>
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<li>Autres : MongoDB, CouchDB, Cassandra, Riak…</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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</div>
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