629 lines
17 KiB
HTML
629 lines
17 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html>
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<html lang="fr">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>Formation Evolix : Services HTTP</title>
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<meta name="description" content="A framework for easily creating beautiful presentations using HTML">
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<meta name="author" content="Hakim El Hattab">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/css/theme/beige.css" id="theme">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/lib/css/zenburn.css">
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<script>
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var link = document.createElement( 'link' );
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link.rel = 'stylesheet';
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link.type = 'text/css';
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link.href = window.location.search.match( /print-pdf/gi ) ? 'reveal.js/css/print/pdf.css' : 'reveal.js/css/print/paper.css';
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document.getElementsByTagName( 'head' )[0].appendChild( link );
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<script src="reveal.js/lib/js/html5shiv.js"></script>
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<![endif]-->
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="reveal">
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<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
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<div class="slides">
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<section>
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<h1>Formation Evolix</h1>
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<h3>Services HTTP</h3>
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</section>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>Apache</h2>
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Serveur HTTP le plus utilisé, depuis 1996
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Installation</h3>
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||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# apt install apache2-mpm-itk \
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libapache2-mod-evasive apachetop libwww-perl
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||
</code></pre>
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||
</section>
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||
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||
<section>
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||
<h3>Fichiers de configuration</h3>
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||
<pre>
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||
/etc/apache2/
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||
├── apache2.conf
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||
├── conf-available
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||
│ └── *.conf
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||
├── conf-enabled
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||
│ └── *.conf -> ../conf-available/*.conf
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||
├── envvars
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||
├── magic
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||
├── mods-available
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||
│ ├── *.conf
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│ └── *.load
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||
├── mods-enabled
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||
│ ├── *.conf -> ../mods-available/*.conf
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||
│ └── *.load -> ../mods-available/*.load
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||
├── ports.conf
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||
├── sites-available
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||
│ └── *.conf
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||
└── sites-enabled
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||
└── *.conf -> ../sites-available/*.conf
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||
</pre>
|
||
</section>
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||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Des modules à la carte</h3>
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||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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||
# a2enmod rewrite expires headers rewrite cgi
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||
</code></pre>
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||
</section>
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||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Optimisations "Evolix"</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="apache" style="max-height: 500px">
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||
ServerTokens Prod
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||
Timeout 10
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||
KeepAliveTimeout 2
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||
MaxKeepAliveRequests 10
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||
ServerLimit 250
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||
#MaxClients 250
|
||
MaxRequestWorkers 250
|
||
StartServers 50
|
||
MinSpareServers 20
|
||
MaxSpareServers 30
|
||
MaxRequestsPerChild 100
|
||
<Directory /home/>
|
||
AllowOverride None
|
||
Require all granted
|
||
</Directory>
|
||
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
|
||
SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
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||
SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNULL:!MD5:!RC4
|
||
</IfModule>
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h4>Forcer le umask</h4>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight"># grep umask /etc/apache2/envvars</code>
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||
umask 007
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||
</pre>
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||
</section>
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||
|
||
|
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<section>
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<h3>VirtualHost</h3>
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||
<ul>
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<li>Permet de séparer de plusieurs sites sur un même serveur HTTP</li>
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<li>Séparation par nom de domaine ou par adresses IP</li>
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||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h4>VirtualHost basé sur un nom de domaine</h4>
|
||
<!-- Je n'ai pas trouvé le moyen d'avoir du code à balise qui soit proprement affiché tout en conservant le texte brut intacte. -->
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight" style="max-height: 600px">
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||
<VirtualHost *:80>
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||
ServerName www.example.com
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||
ServerAlias example.com
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||
|
||
DocumentRoot /home/example/www/
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||
<Directory /home/example/www/>
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||
Options SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
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||
AllowOverride AuthConfig Limit FileInfo Indexes
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||
</Directory>
|
||
|
||
AssignUserID www-example example
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||
MaxClientsVHost 150
|
||
|
||
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log vhost_combined
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||
CustomLog /home/example/log/access.log combined
|
||
ErrorLog /home/example/log/error.log
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||
|
||
RewriteEngine On
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||
UseCanonicalName On
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||
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www.example.com$
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||
RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [L,R]
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||
</VirtualHost>
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||
</code></pre>
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||
|
||
</section>
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<section>
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||
<h4>Activation du site</h4>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# adduser example
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# adduser --ingroup example www-example
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# mkdir /home/example/{www,log,awstats}
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||
# chown example: /home/example/{www,log,awstats}
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# a2ensite example
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||
</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Gestion des droits avec Apache-ITK</h3>
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||
<ul>
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||
<li>user/group distincts pour chaque VirtualHost</li>
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||
<li>séparation stricte des droits</li>
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||
<li>… y compris la lecture</li>
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||
<li>… y compris avec PHP</li>
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||
</ul>
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||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# chmod 750 /home/example
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||
</code></pre>
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||
</section>
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||
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||
<section>
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||
<h3>Restriction en écriture pour Apache</h3>
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||
<ul>
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||
<li>Lecture seule pour Apache, sauf certains répertoires (uploads/, cache/)</li>
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||
<li>utilisateur dédié pour l'écriture par Apache : www-example</li>
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||
<li>… et pour FTP/SSH/SFTP/SCP/RSYNC : example</li>
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||
<li>groupe commun pour tous et droits accordés au groupe</li>
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||
<li>pas besoin de chmod, Apache a son umask à 007</li>
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||
</ul>
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||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# echo "umask 027" >> /etc/profile
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||
# find /home/example -type f -user www-example -exec chmod 660 {} \;
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||
# find /home/example -type d -user www-example -exec chmod 770 {} \;
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
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||
<h4>Attention !</h4>
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||
<p><strong>Ne jamais forcer les droits<br>récursivement sur toute l’arborescence.</strong></p>
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||
<p>Si la restriction en écriture pour Apache est impossible :</p>
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||
<ul>
|
||
<li>plus d’utilisateur distinct</li>
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||
<li>"AssignUserID example example" élimine 100% des soucis de droits</li>
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||
<li>… mais réduction de la sécurité</li>
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||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
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||
<h2>HTTPS ‑ TLS/SSL</h2>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Activation du module SSL pour Apache</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# a2enmod ssl
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||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Création d'un certificat</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -nodes \
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||
-keyout private.key -out demande.csr
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||
# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -sha256 -in demande.csr \
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||
-signkey private.key -out certificate.crt
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||
# mv private.key /etc/ssl/private/
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||
# chown root:ssl-cert /etc/ssl/private/private.key
|
||
# chmod 640 /etc/ssl/private/private.key
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||
# mv certificate.crt /etc/ssl/certs
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||
# chown root:root /etc/ssl/certs/certificate.crt
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||
# chmod 644 /etc/ssl/certs/certificate.crt
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Modification du VirtualHost</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
|
||
<VirtualHost *:80 *:443>
|
||
ServerName secure.example.com
|
||
ServerAlias www.example.com example.com
|
||
|
||
SSLEngine on
|
||
SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
|
||
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/private.key
|
||
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/certificate.crt
|
||
# SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/ssl/certs/certificates_chain.pem
|
||
|
||
RewriteEngine On
|
||
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
|
||
RewriteRule ^/(.*) https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [L,R=permanent]
|
||
</VirtualHost>
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>logs</h3>
|
||
Apache propose plusieurs formats de logs
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
CustomLog log/global_access.log vhost_combined
|
||
CustomLog log/access.log combined
|
||
|
||
SetEnvIf User-Agent "Foo" dontlog
|
||
CustomLog log/access.log combined env=!dontlog
|
||
|
||
ErrorLog log/error.log
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Authentification "HTTP Basic"</h3>
|
||
Le module mod_auth_basic est disponible par défaut.
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
|
||
AuthType Basic
|
||
AuthName "Restricted"
|
||
AuthUserFile /foo/.htpasswd
|
||
AuthGroupFile /dev/null
|
||
require valid-user
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Règles de ré-écriture</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="apache" style="max-height: 500px">
|
||
RedirectPermanent / http://new.example.com
|
||
|
||
RedirectMatch ^/(.*)$ http://new.example.com/$1
|
||
|
||
# GET / --> /sub/
|
||
RedirectMatch ^/$ /sub/
|
||
|
||
RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://new.example.com/$1 [L,R=permanent]
|
||
|
||
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/foo.txt
|
||
RewriteRule ^/(.*) https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [L,R]
|
||
|
||
# le drapeau NC pour ne pas tenir compte de la casse
|
||
RewriteRule ^/FoO.tXt /sub/ [L,R,NC]
|
||
|
||
# empêcher des requêtes POST sur une URL particulière
|
||
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} POST
|
||
RewriteRule ^/foo.txt [L,F]
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>mod_evasive</h3>
|
||
<p>Limite les accès, notamment les dénis de service </p>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
|
||
<IfModule mod_evasive20.c>
|
||
DOSHashTableSize 3097
|
||
DOSPageCount 5
|
||
DOSSiteCount 30
|
||
DOSPageInterval 3
|
||
DOSSiteInterval 1
|
||
DOSBlockingPeriod 60
|
||
DOSEmailNotify security@example.com
|
||
</IfModule>
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Fail2ban</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>recherche de comportements anormaux dans les logs</li>
|
||
<li>blocage temporaire ou permanent, via firewall</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Apachetop</h3>
|
||
Affiche en direct des stats sur le traffic, d'après les logs.
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
$ apachetop -f access.log -T 3600 -q
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>mod_status</h3>
|
||
Génère une page web résumant l'état d'Apache.
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
|
||
<IfModule mod_status.c>
|
||
ExtendedStatus On
|
||
<Location /server-status-XXXX>
|
||
SetHandler server-status
|
||
Deny from all
|
||
Include ipaddr_whitelist.conf
|
||
Allow from 192.0.2.43
|
||
Allow from 127.0.0.1
|
||
</Location>
|
||
</IfModule>
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>Nginx</h2>
|
||
<p>Serveur web, alternative à Apache</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Installation</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# aptitude install nginx
|
||
# nginx -v
|
||
</code>
|
||
nginx version: nginx/1.10.3
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
https://wiki.evolix.org/HowtoNginx
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>HAProxy</h2>
|
||
<p>Proxy et load-balancer TCP/HTTP/HTTPS</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Installation</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# apt install haproxy
|
||
# varnishd -v
|
||
</code>
|
||
HA-Proxy version 1.7.5-2 2017/05/17
|
||
Copyright 2000-2017 Willy Tarreau <willy@haproxy.org>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Configuration minimale</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs haproxy">
|
||
global
|
||
log 127.0.0.1 local5 debug
|
||
|
||
defaults
|
||
mode http
|
||
|
||
listen www
|
||
bind *:80
|
||
balance roundrobin
|
||
option httpchk OPTIONS * HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ www.example.com
|
||
stats uri /haproxy-stats
|
||
stats auth foo:bar
|
||
server www00 192.0.2.1:80 maxconn 50 check inter 10s
|
||
server www01 192.0.2.2:80 maxconn 50 check inter 10s
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Configuration avancée</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>gestion fine des performances</li>
|
||
<li>multiples IP/domaines écoutés</li>
|
||
<li>différents algorithmes de load-balancing</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h4>TLS/SSL</h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>terminaison SSL ou transmission transparente</li>
|
||
<li>multi certificats et SNI</li>
|
||
<li>agrafage OCSP facilitée</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h4>mode TCP</h4>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs haproxy">
|
||
listen memcached 127.0.0.1:11211
|
||
option tcp-check
|
||
server nosql00 192.0.2.3:11211 check
|
||
server nosql01 192.0.2.4:11211 check backup
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h4>mode MySQL (simple)</h4>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs haproxy">
|
||
listen mysql 127.0.0.1:3306
|
||
mode tcp
|
||
option mysql-check user haproxy_check
|
||
server sql00 192.0.2.1:3306 check
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h4>mode MySQL (avancé)</h4>
|
||
Si le test de connexion à MySQL ne suffit pas,<br>on indique un programme pour un test personnalisé<br>qui indiquera à HAProxy si le backend va bien.
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h4>Dashboard</h4>
|
||
Une interface web permet de suivre l'état du proxy.
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>Varnish</h2>
|
||
<p>Accélérateur web : cache et reverse-proxy</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Installation</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# apt install varnish
|
||
# varnishd -V
|
||
</code>
|
||
varnishd (varnish-4.0.2 revision bfe7cd1)
|
||
Copyright (c) 2006 Verdens Gang AS
|
||
Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Varnish Software AS
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Configuration minimale</h3>
|
||
<p>Varnish relaie les requêtes vers le port 8080 local.</p>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs varnish">
|
||
backend default {
|
||
.host = "127.0.0.1";
|
||
.port = "8080";
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Logs</h3>
|
||
Par défaut les logs sont gardés en mémoire (taille fixe) pour les performances.
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# varnishstat
|
||
# varnishtop -i ReqURL
|
||
# varnishlog
|
||
# varnishnsca
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
Filtres possibles
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# varnishlog -q 'TxHeader eq MISS' -q "ReqHeader \
|
||
~ '^Host: example\.com$'" | grep RxURL
|
||
# varnishncsa -q "ReqHeader eq 'X-Cache: MISS'"
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Syntaxe VCL</h3>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>PHP</h2>
|
||
<p>Langage de programmation très adapté au web.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
https://wiki.evolix.org/HowtoLAMP/PHP
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>Let's Encrypt</h2>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Autorité de certification</li>
|
||
<li>propose des certificats X-509</li>
|
||
<li>DV – Domain Validation</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Principes de base</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>gratuit</li>
|
||
<li>automatique</li>
|
||
<li>sécurisé</li>
|
||
<li>transparent</li>
|
||
<li>ouvert</li>
|
||
<li>cooperatif</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Composants</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Protocole ACME (standard IETF en janvier 2018)</li>
|
||
<li>Boulder : serveur ACME</li>
|
||
<li>Certbot : client ACME pour gérer des certificats</li>
|
||
<li>des dizaines d'autres clients tiers</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Installation de certbot</h3>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
|
||
# apt install certbot
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>création du compte Let's Encrypt</li>
|
||
<li>création de certificats</li>
|
||
<li>auto-configuration du serveur web</li>
|
||
<li>renouvellement/révocation de certificats</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>3 Challenges pour la validation</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>HTTP – ressource signée</li>
|
||
<li>DNS – enregistrement DNS signé</li>
|
||
<li>TLS-SNI – certificat TLS contenant une signature</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h3>Particularités</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Durée de vie de 90 jours</li>
|
||
<li>Entièrement automatisé</li>
|
||
<li>… donc seulement DV et pas OV ou EV</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script src="reveal.js/lib/js/head.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="reveal.js/js/reveal.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
|
||
// More info https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#configuration
|
||
Reveal.initialize({
|
||
controls: true,
|
||
progress: true,
|
||
history: true,
|
||
center: true,
|
||
|
||
transition: 'slide', // none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom
|
||
|
||
// More info https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#dependencies
|
||
dependencies: [
|
||
{ src: 'reveal.js/lib/js/classList.js', condition: function() { return !document.body.classList; } },
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||
{ src: 'reveal.js/plugin/markdown/marked.js', condition: function() { return !!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
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{ src: 'reveal.js/plugin/markdown/markdown.js', condition: function() { return !!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
|
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{ src: 'reveal.js/plugin/highlight/highlight.js', async: true, callback: function() { hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad(); } },
|
||
{ src: 'reveal.js/plugin/zoom-js/zoom.js', async: true },
|
||
{ src: 'reveal.js/plugin/notes/notes.js', async: true }
|
||
]
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|