444 lines
12 KiB
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444 lines
12 KiB
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<html lang="fr">
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<title>Formation Evolix : Services HTTP</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Hakim El Hattab">
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<div class="slides">
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<section>
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<h1>Formation Evolix</h1>
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<h3>Services HTTP</h3>
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</section>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>Apache</h2>
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Serveur HTTP le plus utilisé, depuis 1996
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Installation</h3>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# apt install apache2-mpm-itk \
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libapache2-mod-evasive apachetop libwww-perl
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Fichiers de configuration</h3>
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<pre>
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/etc/apache2/
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├── apache2.conf
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├── conf-available
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│ └── *.conf
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├── conf-enabled
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│ └── *.conf -> ../conf-available/*.conf
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├── envvars
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├── magic
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├── mods-available
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│ ├── *.conf
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│ └── *.load
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├── mods-enabled
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│ ├── *.conf -> ../mods-available/*.conf
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│ └── *.load -> ../mods-available/*.load
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├── ports.conf
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├── sites-available
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│ └── *.conf
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└── sites-enabled
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└── *.conf -> ../sites-available/*.conf
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Des modules à la carte</h3>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# a2enmod rewrite expires headers rewrite cgi
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Optimisations "Evolix"</h3>
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<pre><code data-trim class="apache" style="max-height: 500px">
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ServerTokens Prod
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Timeout 10
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KeepAliveTimeout 2
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MaxKeepAliveRequests 10
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ServerLimit 250
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#MaxClients 250
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MaxRequestWorkers 250
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StartServers 50
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MinSpareServers 20
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MaxSpareServers 30
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MaxRequestsPerChild 100
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<Directory /home/>
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AllowOverride None
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Require all granted
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</Directory>
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<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
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SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
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SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM:!aNULL:!MD5:!RC4
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</IfModule>
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>Forcer le umask</h4>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight"># grep umask /etc/apache2/envvars</code>
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umask 007
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</pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>VirtualHost</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Permet de séparer de plusieurs sites sur un même serveur HTTP</li>
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<li>Séparation par nom de domaine ou par adresses IP</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>VirtualHost basé sur un nom de domaine</h4>
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<!-- Je n'ai pas trouvé le moyen d'avoir du code à balise qui soit proprement affiché tout en conservant le texte brut intacte. -->
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight" style="max-height: 600px">
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<VirtualHost *:80>
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ServerName www.example.com
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ServerAlias example.com
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DocumentRoot /home/example/www/
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<Directory /home/example/www/>
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Options SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
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AllowOverride AuthConfig Limit FileInfo Indexes
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</Directory>
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AssignUserID www-example example
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MaxClientsVHost 150
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CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log vhost_combined
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CustomLog /home/example/log/access.log combined
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ErrorLog /home/example/log/error.log
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RewriteEngine On
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UseCanonicalName On
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RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www.example.com$
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RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [L,R]
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</VirtualHost>
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>Activation du site</h4>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# adduser example
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# adduser --ingroup example www-example
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# mkdir /home/example/{www,log,awstats}
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# chown example: /home/example/{www,log,awstats}
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# a2ensite example
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Gestion des droits avec Apache-ITK</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>user/group distincts pour chaque VirtualHost</li>
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<li>séparation stricte des droits</li>
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<li>… y compris la lecture</li>
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<li>… y compris avec PHP</li>
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</ul>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# chmod 750 /home/example
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Restriction en écriture pour Apache</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Lecture seule pour Apache, sauf certains répertoires (uploads/, cache/)</li>
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<li>utilisateur dédié pour l'écriture par Apache : www-example</li>
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<li>… et pour FTP/SSH/SFTP/SCP/RSYNC : example</li>
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<li>groupe commun pour tous et droits accordés au groupe</li>
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<li>pas besoin de chmod, Apache a son umask à 007</li>
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</ul>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# echo "umask 027" >> /etc/profile
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# find /home/example -type f -user www-example -exec chmod 660 {} \;
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# find /home/example -type d -user www-example -exec chmod 770 {} \;
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>Attention !</h4>
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<p><strong>Ne jamais forcer les droits<br>récursivement sur toute l’arborescence.</strong></p>
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<p>Si la restriction en écriture pour Apache est impossible :</p>
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<ul>
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<li>plus d’utilisateur distinct</li>
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<li>"AssignUserID example example" élimine 100% des soucis de droits</li>
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<li>… mais réduction de la sécurité</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>HTTPS ‑ TLS/SSL</h2>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Activation du module SSL pour Apache</h3>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# a2enmod ssl
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Création d'un certificat</h3>
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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# openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -nodes \
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-keyout private.key -out demande.csr
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# openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -sha256 -in demande.csr \
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-signkey private.key -out certificate.crt
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# mv private.key /etc/ssl/private/
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# chown root:ssl-cert /etc/ssl/private/private.key
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# chmod 640 /etc/ssl/private/private.key
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# mv certificate.crt /etc/ssl/certs
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# chown root:root /etc/ssl/certs/certificate.crt
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# chmod 644 /etc/ssl/certs/certificate.crt
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Modification du VirtualHost</h3>
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<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
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<VirtualHost *:80 *:443>
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ServerName secure.example.com
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ServerAlias www.example.com example.com
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SSLEngine on
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SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
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SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/private.key
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SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/certificate.crt
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# SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/ssl/certs/certificates_chain.pem
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RewriteEngine On
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RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on
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RewriteRule ^/(.*) https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [L,R=permanent]
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</VirtualHost>
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>logs</h3>
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Apache propose plusieurs formats de logs
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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CustomLog log/global_access.log vhost_combined
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CustomLog log/access.log combined
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SetEnvIf User-Agent "Foo" dontlog
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CustomLog log/access.log combined env=!dontlog
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ErrorLog log/error.log
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Authentification "HTTP Basic"</h3>
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Le module mod_auth_basic est disponible par défaut.
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<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
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AuthType Basic
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AuthName "Restricted"
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AuthUserFile /foo/.htpasswd
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AuthGroupFile /dev/null
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require valid-user
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Règles de ré-écriture</h3>
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<pre><code data-trim class="apache" style="max-height: 500px">
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RedirectPermanent / http://new.example.com
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RedirectMatch ^/(.*)$ http://new.example.com/$1
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# GET / --> /sub/
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RedirectMatch ^/$ /sub/
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RewriteRule ^/(.*) http://new.example.com/$1 [L,R=permanent]
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^/foo.txt
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RewriteRule ^/(.*) https://%{SERVER_NAME}/$1 [L,R]
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# le drapeau NC pour ne pas tenir compte de la casse
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RewriteRule ^/FoO.tXt /sub/ [L,R,NC]
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# empêcher des requêtes POST sur une URL particulière
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} POST
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RewriteRule ^/foo.txt [L,F]
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>mod_evasive</h3>
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<p>Limite les accès, notamment les dénis de service </p>
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<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
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<IfModule mod_evasive20.c>
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DOSHashTableSize 3097
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DOSPageCount 5
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DOSSiteCount 30
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DOSPageInterval 3
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DOSSiteInterval 1
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DOSBlockingPeriod 60
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DOSEmailNotify security@example.com
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</IfModule>
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Fail2ban</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>recherche de comportements anormaux dans les logs</li>
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<li>blocage temporaire ou permanent, via firewall</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Apachetop</h3>
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Affiche en direct des stats sur le traffic, d'après les logs.
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<pre><code data-trim class="hljs nohighlight">
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$ apachetop -f access.log -T 3600 -q
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>mod_status</h3>
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Génère une page web résumant l'état d'Apache.
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<pre><code data-trim class="apache">
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<IfModule mod_status.c>
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ExtendedStatus On
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<Location /server-status-XXXX>
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SetHandler server-status
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Deny from all
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Include ipaddr_whitelist.conf
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Allow from 192.0.2.43
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Allow from 127.0.0.1
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</Location>
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</IfModule>
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>NGINX</h2>
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# aptitude install nginx
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https://wiki.evolix.org/HowtoNginx
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>HAPROXY</h2>
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https://wiki.evolix.org/HowtoHaproxy
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>VARNISH</h2>
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https://wiki.evolix.org/HowtoVarnish
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>PHP</h2>
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https://wiki.evolix.org/HowtoLAMP/PHP
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>Let's Encrypt</h2>
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# apt install certbot
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https://wiki.evolix.org/HowtoLetsEncrypt
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</section>
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</section>
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</div>
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// More info https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#dependencies
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dependencies: [
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</html>
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