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# Howto HTTP
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Le procotole HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) est un protocole client/serveur de niveau 7 s'appuyant par convention sur la couche de transport TCP et le port 80. Sa version sécurisée est HTTPS qui ajoute la couche [SSL/TLS ](HowtoSSL ).
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## Comprendre les différentes versions de HTTP grâce à telnet
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### HTTP/1.0
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La version la plus simple, l'entête `Host:` est facultatif :
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~~~
$ telnet www.debian.org 80
Trying 5.153.231.4...
Connected to www.debian.org.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 05 Oct 2016 02:09:37 GMT
Server: Apache
Last-Modified: Fri, 08 Jan 2016 22:27:31 GMT
ETag: "1d8-528da17d9b160"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 472
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
< HTML >
[...]
Connection closed by foreign host.
~~~
### HTTP/1.1
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L'entête `Host:` est obligatoire :
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~~~
$ telnet www.debian.org 80
Trying 5.153.231.4...
Connected to www.debian.org.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.debian.org
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 05 Oct 2016 02:11:37 GMT
Server: Apache
Content-Location: index.en.html
Vary: negotiate,accept-language,Accept-Encoding
TCN: choice
Last-Modified: Tue, 04 Oct 2016 15:27:56 GMT
ETag: "3baf-53e0bb4711c9f"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 15279
Cache-Control: max-age=86400
Expires: Thu, 06 Oct 2016 02:11:37 GMT
X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Language: en
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
< html lang = "en" >
[...]
Connection closed by foreign host.
~~~
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#### HTTP/1.1 100 Continue
Avec le protocole HTTP/1.1, il y a une utilisation spécifique pour pour l'envoi « décalé » d'un gros payload.
Par exemple un client va envoyer un :
~~~
POST /callback
Content-Type: application/pdf
Content-Length: 123456
Expect: 100-continue
~~~
Le serveur va alors lui répondre `HTTP/1.1 100 Continue` et ensuite seulement le client enverra le contenu du PDF puis le serveur enverra la réponse finale `HTTP/1.1 200 OK` .
Plus d'infos sur :
* < https: // http . dev / 100 >
* < https: // developer . mozilla . org / en-US / docs / Web / HTTP / Status / 100 >
Voici une commande `curl` pour reproduire cela
~~~
$ curl --http1.1 -v -H "Expect: 100-continue" -F person=anonymous -F secret=@/tmp/foo.bin https://www.example.com/callback
* Connected to ...
> POST /callback HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.example.com
> Accept: */*
> Expect: 100-continue
> Content-Length: 309
> Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=------------------------d5c85d941a76e4fa
>
* TLSv1.3 (IN) ...
< HTTP / 1 . 1 100 Continue
* We are completely uploaded and fine
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP / 1 . 1 200 OK
< content-type: text / html ; charset = UTF-8
< transfer-encoding: chunked
<
Hello World
* Connection #0 to host ...
~~~
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### HTTPS
On gère le tunnel SSL avec `openssl` puis tout est en clair :
~~~
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$ echo -e "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: www.debian.org\r\n\r\n" | openssl s_client -host www.debian.org -port 443 -quiet -servername www.debian.org
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CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=3 C = SE, O = AddTrust AB, OU = AddTrust External TTP Network, CN = AddTrust External CA Root
verify return:1
depth=2 C = US, ST = New Jersey, L = Jersey City, O = The USERTRUST Network, CN = USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
verify return:1
depth=1 C = FR, ST = Paris, L = Paris, O = Gandi, CN = Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
verify return:1
depth=0 OU = Domain Control Validated, OU = Gandi Standard SSL, CN = debian.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Gandi Standard SSL/CN=debian.org
i:/C=FR/ST=Paris/L=Paris/O=Gandi/CN=Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
1 s:/C=FR/ST=Paris/L=Paris/O=Gandi/CN=Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
[...]
Start Time: 1475633567
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Date: Wed, 11 Oct 2023 14:52:22 GMT
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Server: Apache
[...]
~~~
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### HTTP/2.0
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Voir < https: / / fr . wikipedia . org / wiki / Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol / 2 >
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## Outils HTTP
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### Commandes HEAD/GET/POST
Il s'agit de commandes HEAD, GET, POST faisant partie de la bibliothèque LWP (WWW Library for Perl) :
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~~~
# apt install libwww-perl
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~~~
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Utilisation :
~~~
$ HEAD www.evolix.fr
200 OK
Connection: close
Date: Tue, 28 Dec 2010 20:08:35 GMT
Server: Apache
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Content-Type: text/html
Client-Date: Tue, 28 Dec 2010 20:08:44 GMT
Client-Peer: 85.31.205.43:80
Client-Response-Num: 1
$ GET -Sd evolix.fr
GET http://evolix.fr
301 Moved Permanently
GET http://www.evolix.fr/
301 Moved Permanently
GET http://evolix.com/
200 OK
$ HEAD -U -H "User-Agent: Mozilla/4.8 [en] (Windows NT 5.1; fr; rv:BlogByGcolpart)" \
-H "Referer: http://www.evolix.fr/" www.evolix.fr/serv/infogerance.html
HEAD http://www.evolix.fr/serv/infogerance.html
Referer: http://www.evolix.fr/
User-Agent: Mozilla/4.8 [en] (Windows NT 5.1; fr; rv:BlogByGcolpart)
200 OK
Connection: close
Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2011 23:14:13 GMT
Server: Apache
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Content-Type: text/html
Client-Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2011 23:14:13 GMT
Client-Peer: 85.31.205.43:80
Client-Response-Num: 1
$ GET -dUe google.fr
GET http://www.google.fr/
User-Agent: lwp-request/6.03 libwww-perl/6.08
200 OK
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
Connection: close
Date: Thu, 18 May 2017 12:00:13 GMT
Accept-Ranges: none
Server: gws
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Expires: -1
Client-Date: Thu, 18 May 2017 12:00:13 GMT
Client-Peer: 216.58.210.195:80
Client-Response-Num: 1
Link: < /images/branding/product/ico/googleg_lodp.ico>; rel="shortcut icon"
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://www.google.com/support/accounts/answer/151657?hl=en for more info."
Set-Cookie: NID=103=UEe-aKr4jwguVRZw_irgQQo6WviJ2ZArnM9iCouDcPzBV_RZk4YiR4I13Kn1JSO-Gbcowcw5W1BtUTCd7pQt7H6_zKK6zf8EVb2GG5Yb_ariD0aWeAJxHFf2sRMkZXTi; expires=Fri, 17-Nov-2017 12:00:13 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.fr; HttpOnly
Title: Google
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
$ GET http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.36.2.tar.bz2 > linux-2.6.36.2.tar.bz2
$ GET google.fr | grep charset= | sed 's@^.*charset=\([-a-Z0-9]*\)".*$@\1@'
ISO-8859-1
$ POST http://www.evolix.fr/contacts.html
Please enter content (application/x-www-form-urlencoded) to be POSTed:
from=jdoe%40example.com& contenu=Coucou& validation=nospam& soumettre=ok
Ctrl+d
$ echo -n "from=jdoe%40example.com& contenu=Coucou& validation=nospam& soumettre=ok" > /tmp/POST-DATA.txt
$ POST http://www.evolix.fr/contacts.html < /tmp/POST-DATA.txt
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$ GET -dUe -H 'Cookie: foo="bar"' https://marsactus.fr/
GET https://marsactu.fr/
User-Agent: lwp-request/6.36 libwww-perl/6.36
200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=3600
Connection: close
Date: Tue, 11 Feb 2020
[...]
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~~~
Note : Attention, pour envoyer interactivement des données en POST, il faut ensuite les valider avec Ctrl+d
Voici les différentes options possibles :
* `-U` : affiche les entêtes envoyés
* `-e` : affiche les entêtes reçus (s'utilise avec GET/POST car c'est le défaut pour HEAD)
* `-d` : ne pas afficher la réponse (à utiliser avec `-dUe` ou `-dS` par exemple)
* `-H` : envoyer un entête HTTP particulier
* `-S` : affiche les redirections HTTP suivies
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### Wget
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[Wget ](https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/ ) est un client HTTP en ligne de commande.
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Voir [HowtoWget]()
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### cURL
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[cURL ](https://curl.haxx.se/ ) est aussi un client HTTP en ligne de commande.
Voir [HowtocURL]()
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### ab : apache bench
~~~
# apt install apache2-utils
~~~
Utilisation :
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~~~
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$ ab -n 1000 -c 100 -H "User-Agent: EvolixBench" -l http://127.0.0.1/helloworld.txt
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~~~
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* `-n` : nombre de requêtes
* `-c` : nombre de requêtes effectuées en simultané
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* `-H` : change les entêtes HTTP
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* `-l` : option importante qui tolère la variation de la réponse du serveur (si non, les requêtes seront notées en *Failed requests* )
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* `-k` : active le HTTP KeepAlive
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### Tsung
Voir [HowtoTsung]()
