248 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
248 lines
6.6 KiB
Markdown
# Howto HTTP
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Le procotole HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) est un protocole client/serveur de niveau 7 s'appuyant par convention sur la couche de transport TCP et le port 80. Sa version sécurisée est HTTPS qui ajoute la couche [SSL/TLS](HowtoSSL).
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## Comprendre les différentes versions de HTTP grâce à telnet
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### HTTP/1.0
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La version la plus simple, l'entête `Host:` est facultatif :
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~~~
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$ telnet www.debian.org 80
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Trying 5.153.231.4...
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Connected to www.debian.org.
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Escape character is '^]'.
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GET / HTTP/1.0
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Date: Wed, 05 Oct 2016 02:09:37 GMT
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Server: Apache
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Last-Modified: Fri, 08 Jan 2016 22:27:31 GMT
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ETag: "1d8-528da17d9b160"
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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Content-Length: 472
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett
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Connection: close
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Content-Type: text/html
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
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<HTML>
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[...]
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Connection closed by foreign host.
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~~~
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### HTTP/1.1
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L'entête `Host:` est obligatoire :
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~~~
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$ telnet www.debian.org 80
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Trying 5.153.231.4...
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Connected to www.debian.org.
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Escape character is '^]'.
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GET / HTTP/1.1
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Host: www.debian.org
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Date: Wed, 05 Oct 2016 02:11:37 GMT
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Server: Apache
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Content-Location: index.en.html
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Vary: negotiate,accept-language,Accept-Encoding
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TCN: choice
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Last-Modified: Tue, 04 Oct 2016 15:27:56 GMT
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ETag: "3baf-53e0bb4711c9f"
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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Content-Length: 15279
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Cache-Control: max-age=86400
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Expires: Thu, 06 Oct 2016 02:11:37 GMT
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X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett
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Connection: close
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Content-Type: text/html
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Content-Language: en
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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<html lang="en">
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[...]
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Connection closed by foreign host.
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~~~
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### HTTPS
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On gère le tunnel SSL avec `openssl` puis tout est en clair :
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~~~
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$ openssl s_client -host www.debian.org -port 443
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CONNECTED(00000003)
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depth=3 C = SE, O = AddTrust AB, OU = AddTrust External TTP Network, CN = AddTrust External CA Root
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verify return:1
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depth=2 C = US, ST = New Jersey, L = Jersey City, O = The USERTRUST Network, CN = USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
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verify return:1
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depth=1 C = FR, ST = Paris, L = Paris, O = Gandi, CN = Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
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verify return:1
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depth=0 OU = Domain Control Validated, OU = Gandi Standard SSL, CN = debian.org
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verify return:1
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---
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Certificate chain
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0 s:/OU=Domain Control Validated/OU=Gandi Standard SSL/CN=debian.org
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i:/C=FR/ST=Paris/L=Paris/O=Gandi/CN=Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
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1 s:/C=FR/ST=Paris/L=Paris/O=Gandi/CN=Gandi Standard SSL CA 2
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[...]
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Start Time: 1475633567
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Timeout : 300 (sec)
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Verify return code: 0 (ok)
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---
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GET / HTTP/1.0
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Date: Wed, 05 Oct 2016 02:12:56 GMT
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Server: Apache
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[...]
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~~~
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### HTTP/2.0
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Voir <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol/2>
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## Outils HTTP
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### Commandes HEAD/GET/POST
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Il s'agit de commandes HEAD, GET, POST faisant partie de la bibliothèque LWP (WWW Library for Perl) :
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~~~
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# apt install libwww-perl
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~~~
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Utilisation :
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~~~
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$ HEAD www.evolix.fr
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200 OK
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Connection: close
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Date: Tue, 28 Dec 2010 20:08:35 GMT
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Server: Apache
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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Content-Type: text/html
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Client-Date: Tue, 28 Dec 2010 20:08:44 GMT
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Client-Peer: 85.31.205.43:80
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Client-Response-Num: 1
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$ GET -Sd evolix.fr
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GET http://evolix.fr
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301 Moved Permanently
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GET http://www.evolix.fr/
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301 Moved Permanently
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GET http://evolix.com/
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200 OK
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$ HEAD -U -H "User-Agent: Mozilla/4.8 [en] (Windows NT 5.1; fr; rv:BlogByGcolpart)" \
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-H "Referer: http://www.evolix.fr/" www.evolix.fr/serv/infogerance.html
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HEAD http://www.evolix.fr/serv/infogerance.html
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Referer: http://www.evolix.fr/
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User-Agent: Mozilla/4.8 [en] (Windows NT 5.1; fr; rv:BlogByGcolpart)
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200 OK
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Connection: close
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Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2011 23:14:13 GMT
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Server: Apache
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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Content-Type: text/html
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Client-Date: Thu, 13 Jan 2011 23:14:13 GMT
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Client-Peer: 85.31.205.43:80
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Client-Response-Num: 1
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$ GET -dUe google.fr
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GET http://www.google.fr/
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User-Agent: lwp-request/6.03 libwww-perl/6.08
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200 OK
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Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
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Connection: close
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Date: Thu, 18 May 2017 12:00:13 GMT
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Accept-Ranges: none
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Server: gws
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
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Expires: -1
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Client-Date: Thu, 18 May 2017 12:00:13 GMT
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Client-Peer: 216.58.210.195:80
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Client-Response-Num: 1
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Link: </images/branding/product/ico/googleg_lodp.ico>; rel="shortcut icon"
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P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://www.google.com/support/accounts/answer/151657?hl=en for more info."
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Set-Cookie: NID=103=UEe-aKr4jwguVRZw_irgQQo6WviJ2ZArnM9iCouDcPzBV_RZk4YiR4I13Kn1JSO-Gbcowcw5W1BtUTCd7pQt7H6_zKK6zf8EVb2GG5Yb_ariD0aWeAJxHFf2sRMkZXTi; expires=Fri, 17-Nov-2017 12:00:13 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.fr; HttpOnly
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Title: Google
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X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
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X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
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$ GET http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.36.2.tar.bz2 > linux-2.6.36.2.tar.bz2
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$ GET google.fr | grep charset= | sed 's@^.*charset=\([-a-Z0-9]*\)".*$@\1@'
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ISO-8859-1
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$ POST http://www.evolix.fr/contacts.html
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Please enter content (application/x-www-form-urlencoded) to be POSTed:
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from=jdoe%40example.com&contenu=Coucou&validation=nospam&soumettre=ok
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Ctrl+d
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$ echo -n "from=jdoe%40example.com&contenu=Coucou&validation=nospam&soumettre=ok" > /tmp/POST-DATA.txt
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$ POST http://www.evolix.fr/contacts.html < /tmp/POST-DATA.txt
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$ GET -dUe -H 'Cookie: foo="bar"' https://marsactus.fr/
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GET https://marsactu.fr/
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User-Agent: lwp-request/6.36 libwww-perl/6.36
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200 OK
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Cache-Control: max-age=3600
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Connection: close
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Date: Tue, 11 Feb 2020
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[...]
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~~~
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Note : Attention, pour envoyer interactivement des données en POST, il faut ensuite les valider avec Ctrl+d
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Voici les différentes options possibles :
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* `-U` : affiche les entêtes envoyés
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* `-e` : affiche les entêtes reçus (s'utilise avec GET/POST car c'est le défaut pour HEAD)
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* `-d` : ne pas afficher la réponse (à utiliser avec `-dUe` ou `-dS` par exemple)
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* `-H` : envoyer un entête HTTP particulier
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* `-S` : affiche les redirections HTTP suivies
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### Wget
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[Wget](https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/) est un client HTTP en ligne de commande.
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Voir [HowtoWget]()
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### cURL
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[cURL](https://curl.haxx.se/) est aussi un client HTTP en ligne de commande.
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Voir [HowtocURL]()
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### ab : apache bench
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~~~
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# apt install apache2-utils
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~~~
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Utilisation :
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~~~
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$ ab -n 1000 -c 100 -H "User-Agent: EvolixBench" -l http://127.0.0.1/helloworld.txt
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~~~
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* `-n` : nombre de requêtes
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* `-c` : nombre de requêtes effectuées en simultané
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* `-H` : change les entêtes HTTP
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* `-l` : option importante qui tolère la variation de la réponse du serveur (si non, les requêtes seront notées en *Failed requests*)
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* `-k` : active le HTTP KeepAlive
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### Tsung
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Voir [HowtoTsung]()
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